Gumuz harshe

Gumuz harshe
'Yan asalin magana	219,000 (2007)
Dangin harshen	Gumuz (en) ; Gumuz harshe; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Latin alphabet (en) , Geʽez script (en) da Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	guk
Glottolog	gumu1244

Gumuz (wanda kuma ake kira Gumaz ) gungu ne na yare da ake magana a kan iyakar Habasha da Sudan . An rarraba shi cikin ɗan lokaci a cikin dangin Nilo-Saharan . Galibin masu magana da harshen Habasha suna zaune ne a shiyyar Kamashi da Metekel na yankin Benishangul-Gumuz, duk da cewa an bayar da rahoton cewa gungun mutane 1,000 suna zaune a wajen garin Welkite (Unseth 1989). Masu magana da Sudan suna zaune a yankin gabashin Er Roseires, kusa da Famaka da Fazoglo a kan kogin Blue Nile, wanda ya ke arewa da kan iyaka. Dimmendaal et al. (2019) suna zargin cewa nau'ikan da ba a tabbatar da su ba da ake magana a bakin kogin sun ƙunshi yare dabam dabam, Kadallu . ^[2]

Rubutun farko na wannan harshe jerin kalmomi ne daga yankin Dutsen Guba wanda Juan Maria Schuver ya haɗa a cikin Fabrairu 1883.

Iri

Iri-iri ba duka ba ne masu fahimtar juna . Ta wannan ma'auni, akwai harsunan Gumuz guda biyu ko uku. Siffofin nahawu sun bambanta tsakanin arewa da kudancin Gumuz. ^[3]

Daats'iin, wanda aka gano a cikin 2013, a fili yare ne daban-daban, kodayake ya fi kusa da kudancin Gumuz. Ire-iren da ba a tabbatar da su ba a Sudan, wataƙila yare ne na musamman, Kadallu . (Duba harsunan Bʼaga .)

Ethnologue ya lissafa Guba, Wenbera, Sirba, Agalo, Yaso, Mandura, Dibate, da Metemma a matsayin yarukan Gumuz, tare da Mandura, Dibate, da Metemma suna samar da gungu na yare.

Ahland (2004) ^[4] yana ba da kwatancen bayanan ƙamus na Guba, Mandura, North Dibat'e, Wenbera, Sirba Abay, Agelo Meti, Yaso, da Metemma.

Fassarar sauti

Gumuz yana da duka baƙaƙe masu ƙyalli da abubuwan ban mamaki . Ana yin hasarar ƙarancin inganci a madaidaicin magana a wasu yaruka (Unseth 1989). Akwai jerin baƙaƙe na palatal, gami da duka biyun masu fitar da rai da kuma na ban tsoro. A wasu yarukan, misali Sirba, akwai tasha bilatalized palatalized, kamar yadda yake cikin kalmar 'bera' [bʲʷa]</link> (Tsarin 1989).

Consonants

Consonants in Northern Gumuz
		Labial	Alveolar		Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
		Labial	Alveolar		Post-alv./ Palatal	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		(ɲ)	ŋ	(ŋʷ)
Stop	voiceless	p	t		c	k	(kʷ)			ʔ
	voiced	b	d		ɟ	g	(ɡʷ)
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ		cʼ	kʼ	(kʼʷ)
	implosive	ɓ	ɗ
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s		t͡ʃ
Affricate	ejective		t͡sʼ		t͡ʃʼ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		ʃ			χ	(χʷ)
Fricative	voiced	(v)	z		ʒ
Tap/Trill			(ɾ)	(r)
Lateral			l
Approximant					j		w

Matsa [ɾ] ya fi faruwa a cikin morpheme-matsayi na ciki, kuma ba a matsayi na farko ba. Hakanan yana faruwa azaman allophone na /ɗ/ a cikin tsaka-tsaki da matsayi na ƙarshe.

Trill [r] na iya fitowa daga wayoyin akida ko kuma sakamakon lamuni daga Amharic. ^[5]

Consonants a Kudancin Gumuz
		Labial	Alveolar	Bayan alv. / </br> Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		Labial	Alveolar	Bayan alv. / </br> Palatal	a fili	lab.	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	(ɲ)	ŋ	(ŋʷ)
Tsaya	mara murya	p	t	c	k	(kʷ)	ʔ
	murya	b	d	Ɗa	g	(ƙasa)
	m	p'	t'	c'	ku	(k'ʷ)
	m	ɓ	ɗ		(ƙara)
Haɗin kai	mara murya		t s	t Ƙ
Haɗin kai	m		Ƙarfafawa	Ƙaddamarwa
Ƙarfafawa	mara murya	f	s	ʃ			h
Ƙarfafawa	murya	(v)	z	ʒ
Taɓa			Ɗa
Na gefe			l
Kusanci				j		w

Ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna [ɠ] tana son wanzuwa kawai a cikin yaren Agelo Meti.
Labialized bilabial plosive [bʷ] yana nufin wanzuwa kawai a cikin yaren Sirba Abay.
Ƙaƙƙarfan murya [β] na iya faruwa lokacin da /ɓ/ ke ƙoƙarin yin rauni a matsayi na ƙarshe a wasu yarukan.

Duk yarukan biyu

Haƙoran labio [v] yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rarrabawar da ba kasafai ba, kuma galibi yana faruwa a cikin tsaka-tsaki da matsayi na farko. Hakanan ana iya gabatar da shi ta hanyar samowa daga wayoyin akida.
Palatal [ɲ] yana faruwa ne kawai-ciki-ciki a cikin mahallin tsaka-tsaki, a gaban baƙar magana, ko azaman allophone na /n/ kafin wasalin gaba.
[ŋʷ] yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rarrabawar da ba kasafai ba, ko lokacin da /ŋ/ ya faru kafin gajeriyar wasali mai rauni.
Sauran baƙaƙen labialized [kʷ, ɡʷ, kʼʷ, χʷ] suna faruwa ne sakamakon baƙar fata ko uvular da ke gabanin gajeriyar wasula masu rarrafe waɗanda ke gaba da wani wasali. ^[5]

Wasula

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa	iː		ku ː
Tsakar	eː	(ə)	ku oː
Bude		da aː

Gajerun wayoyi na /i, e, a, o, u/ ana iya jin su kamar [ɪ, ɛ, ə, ɔ, ʊ].
Wani wasali na tsakiya [ɨ] na iya faruwa a wurare daban-daban bayan an gajarta /u/ lokacin laɓɓaka baƙar fata ko uvular. ^[5]

Sautin

Sautuna suna da girma da ƙasa, tare da ƙasa . ^[5]

Nahawu

Tsarin kalma shine AVO, tare da alamar tantancewa, kodayake akwai odar AOV a arewa, mai yiwuwa daga tasirin Amharic.

A cikin juzu'i masu jujjuyawa, batutuwa a cikin odar S-V ba su da alama, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin odar V-S ana yiwa alama alama. ^[5]

Bayanan kula

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Gumuz harshe". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Gerrit Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland & Angelika Jakobi (2019) Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as 'Nilo-Saharan', Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics, p. 6–7
↑ Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Linguistic variation within Gumuz: a study of the relationship between historical change and intelligibility." M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.
↑ Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. Linguistic Variation Within Gumuz: A Study of the Relationship Between Historical Change and Intelligibility (Ethiopia, Sudan). MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.

Magana

Ahland, Colleen Anne. Nahawun Arewa da Kudancin Gumuz. Dissertation na Doctoral, Jami'ar Oregon.
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J., 2000. "Alamar lamba da rarraba suna a cikin harsunan Nilo- Saharan". Anthrolopological Linguistics 42:214-261.

Kara karantawa

Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Bambancin harshe a cikin Gumuz: nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin canjin tarihi da basira." Littafin MA. Jami'ar Texas a Arlington.
Colleen Ahland. 2011. Haɗin sunan suna da predicate classifiers a cikin Gumuz
Bender, M. Lionel. 1979. Gumuz: zanen nahawu da kamus. Afrika und Übersee 62: 38-69.
Mungode, Peter. 1985. "Gumuz: rahoton binciken yare." Jaridar Nazarin Habasha 18: 91-114.
Mungode, Peter. 1989. "Abubuwan da aka zaɓa na phonology na Gumuz." A cikin Taddese Beyene (ed.), Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron kasa da kasa na takwas kan Nazarin Habasha, vol. 2, 617-32. Addis Ababa: Cibiyar Nazarin Habasha.
Uzar, Henning. 1993. Nazarin a Gumuz: Sese phonology da tsarin TMA. A cikin Jigogi a cikin Harsunan Nilo-Saharan, editan ML Bender . Hamburg: Helmut Buske: 347-383.
Duniya Atlas na Tsarin Harshe bayanai akan

Gumuz

Gidan yanar gizo wanda al'ummar harshen Gumuz ke kula da shi tare da buga littattafai a cikin harshen

Manazarta

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Gumuz harshe". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[dim2-2] Gerrit Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland & Angelika Jakobi (2019) Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as 'Nilo-Saharan', Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics, p. 6–7

[3] Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Linguistic variation within Gumuz: a study of the relationship between historical change and intelligibility." M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.

[4] Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. Linguistic Variation Within Gumuz: A Study of the Relationship Between Historical Change and Intelligibility (Ethiopia, Sudan). MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.

[Colleen_Ahland_2012-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]